A estrutura das antinomias lógicas, redescobertas e reformuladas por Frege e Russell no começo do século XX, consiste num movimento circular que é, ao mesmo tempo, autoflexivo e negativo. Surge, aí, um perpétuo oscilar entre o Sim e o Não, em certos casos, entre verdade e falsidade. Os Lógicos resolvem o problema pela distinção de tipos ou níveis linguagem. Alguns filósofos - Kulenkampff, Kesselring, Wandschneider – pensam ter aí encontrado o mecanismo central que move a Dialética. Procura-se aqui mostrar que (...) estão, pelo menos em grande parte, equivocados. Dialética é algo bem mais simples e mais amplo. (shrink)

The existence of a Richter–Peleg multi-utility representation of a preorder by means of upper semicontinuous or continuous functions is discussed in connection with the existence of a Richter–Peleg utility representation. We give several applications that include the analysis of countable Richter–Peleg multi-utility representations.

In this paper we study collective identity functions that deal with formation of clubs. Usually the choice offered to individuals is to cast a vote in favor of qualification or not, and the final outcome is qualification or non-qualification. In this context we show that independent collective identity functions are naturally characterized by voting rules, and in particular, consent rules can be represented by one single collection of weighted majorities. In addition, we consider the extended model where voters are allowed (...) to abstain and we distinguish between disqualification and a neutral outcome. We show that this environment allows agents to act in different capacities that cannot be distinguished in the original formulation of the problem. (shrink)

Dialéticos e analíticos não se entendemporque falam línguas com sintaxes parcialmentediferentes. Não obstante esta diferença, hátrês princípios básicos que regem e estruturamtanto a lógica dialética como a lógica analítica: osprincípios de identidade, de diferença e de coerênciauniversal. Os mesmos três princípios regemtambém a natureza em seu processo de evoluçãoe constituem o indivíduo e a espécie,as mutações por acaso ea seleção natural.

Bioethics, Volume 35, Issue 7, Page 646-651, September 2021.

The valence–space metaphor research area investigates the metaphorical mapping of valenced concepts onto space. Research findings from this area indicate that positive, neutral, and negative concepts are associated with upward, midward, and downward locations, respectively, in the vertical plane. The same research area has also indicated that such concepts seem to have no preferential location on the horizontal plane. The approach–avoidance effect consists in decreasing the distance between positive stimuli and the body and increasing the distance between negative stimuli and (...) the body. Thus, the valence–space metaphor accounts for the mapping of valenced concepts onto the vertical and horizontal planes, and the approach–avoidance effect accounts for the mapping of valenced concepts onto the “depth” plane. By using a cube conceived for the study of allocation of valenced concepts onto 3D space, we show in three studies that positive concepts are placed in upward locations and near the participants’ body, negative concepts are placed in downward locations and far from the participants’ body, and neutral concepts are placed in between these concepts in both planes. (shrink)

A detailed outline is presented of several convergent points of view connecting the self-dual and anti-self-dual fields with their free data. This is done for the Maxwell and for linearized gravity as exemplifying the approaches. The Sparling equation provides one tool of great power and characterizes one approach. The twistor theory of Penrose yields another equally powerful point of view. The links between these two basic approaches given in this paper provide a unification that allows workers and others with interest (...) in this area to proceed more readily toward the goal of understanding the full nonlinear Einstein equations. (shrink)

We investigate dynamic operations acting over a knowing how logic. Our approach makes use of a recently introduced semantics for the knowing how operator, based on an indistinguishability relation between plans. This semantics is arguably closer to the standard presentation of knowing that modalities in classic epistemic logic. Here, we discuss how the semantics enables us to define dynamic modalities representing different ways in which an agent can learn how to achieve a goal. In this regard, we study two types (...) of updates: ontic updates (for which we provide axiomatizations over a particular class of models), and epistemic updates (for which we investigate some semantic properties). (shrink)

LIVRO 1 Prefácio Em nome da santa Trindade. Embora estejamos afastados da alegria da felicidade bem-aventurada na cegueira deste exílio, como pena justíssima pelo pecado original, não estamos de tal modo cortados e separados dela que mesmo, no que é mutável e temporal, não saibamos buscar ou desejar a eternidade, a verdade, a felicidade. O que se percebe pelo fato de que não temos vontade nem de morrer, nem de nos enganar, nem de estar na miséria. Donde, por este instinto (...) natural, é comum aos homens querer ser felizes, · embora o desejo da felicidade se encontre de modo diverso no espírito de cada um. De fato, alguns julgam que ser feliz é apoderar- se do reino terreno; outros, ter riquezas em abundância; outros, ser elevado às honras; outros, porém, alegram-se por serem cobertos de louvores; outros, anseiam pelos prazeres carnais. Ora, a verdadeira felicidade não pode de modo nenhum ser encontrada na volubilidade desta vida. Acerca do que somos admoestados, pelo curso inteiro das Sagradas Escrituras, a que nos elevemos do que é terrestre para o celeste, onde está a verdadeira e eterna felicidade; a qual, é mais do que certo, que ninguém pode chegar, senão pela fé da paz católica, com a cooperação da caridade de Deus e do próximo. (shrink)

We consider the problem of measurement using the Lindblad equation, which allows the introduction of time in the interaction between the measured system and the measurement apparatus. We use analytic results, valid for weak system-environment coupling, obtained for a two-level system in contact with a measurer (Markovian interaction) and a thermal bath (non-Markovian interaction), where the measured observable may or may not commute with the system-environment interaction. Analysing the behavior of the coherence, which tends to a value asymptotically close to (...) zero, we obtain an expression for the time of measurement which depends only on the system-measurer coupling, and which does not depend on whether the observable commutes with the system-bath interaction. The behavior of the coherences in the case of strong system-environment coupling, found numerically, indicates that an increase in this coupling decreases the measurement time, thus allowing our expression to be considered the upper limit for the duration of the process. (shrink)

Los temas que contiene van desde estudios sobre los contextos culturales español e hispanoamericano en los que le tocó vivir a nuestro filósofo, y trabajos sobre los principales temas filosóficos sobre los que centró su abundante producción escrita.

Philosophers have long debated whether, if determinism is true, we should hold people morally responsible for their actions since in a deterministic universe, people are arguably not the ultimate source of their actions nor could they have done otherwise if initial conditions and the laws of nature are held fixed. To reveal how non-philosophers ordinarily reason about the conditions for free will, we conducted a cross-cultural and cross-linguistic survey (N = 5,268) spanning twenty countries and sixteen languages. Overall, participants tended (...) to ascribe moral responsibility whether the perpetrator lacked sourcehood or alternate possibilities. However, for American, European, and Middle Eastern participants, being the ultimate source of one’s actions promoted perceptions of free will and control as well as ascriptions of blame and punishment. By contrast, being the source of one’s actions was not particularly salient to Asian participants. Finally, across cultures, participants exhibiting greater cognitive reflection were more likely to view free will as incompatible with causal determinism. We discuss these findings in light of documented cultural differences in the tendency toward dispositional versus situational attributions. (shrink)

Este ensayo busca explorar la metáfora visual en una época que critica al ojo y demanda una nueva ontología de la mirada ante la creciente devaluación de la imagen. Lo paradójico de la ceguera del ojo y del pensamiento, en una época que se precia de ilustrada son aquí sondeados. Así mismo, se explora la mirada desencantada de la modernidad ante el rebajamiento de lo humano y la trivialización de la vida.

O presente trabalho visa apresentar a noção de justiça geral de acordo com Tomás de Aquino, bem como a evolução desta noção desde o Comentários às sentenças até a Suma de Teologia.

En esta nota, el autor recuerda cómo Santo Tomás de Aquino se ha ocupado del problema de los universales, señala los textos más importantes en que aborda tal cuestión y formula algunas observaciones en torno a ellos. Finalmente, traduce al portugués uno de estos textos.